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<H2 class=TxtB>Stream Ecology</H2><FONT size=4>Structure and Function of
Running Waters<BR><STRONG>Allan</STRONG>, J. David,
<STRONG>Castillo</STRONG>, María M. <BR></FONT>
<DIV></DIV><!-- Bibliogrpahic information --><FONT size=4>2nd ed., 2007,
XIV, 436 p., Softcover<BR></FONT>
<DIV><FONT size=4>ISBN:
978-1-4020-5582-9</FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P>
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size=2></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><FONT face=Arial size=2><A
href="http://www.springer.com/east/home/life+sci/ecology?SGWID=5-10034-22-173700041-detailsPage=ppmmedia|toc">http://www.springer.com/east/home/life+sci/ecology?SGWID=5-10034-22-173700041-detailsPage=ppmmedia|toc</A></FONT></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt">About this textbook
<BR></FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT
size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of
Running Waters is designed to serve as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and
graduate students, and as a reference source for specialists in stream ecology
and related fields. The Second Edition is thoroughly updated and expanded to
incorporate significant advances in our understanding of environmental factors,
biological interactions, and ecosystem processes, and how these vary with
hydrological, geomorphological, and landscape setting. <BR>The broad diversity
of running waters – from torrential mountain brooks, to large, lowland rivers,
to great river systems whose basins occupy sub-continents – makes river
ecosystems appear overwhelming complex. A central theme of this book is that
although the settings are often unique, the processes at work in running waters
are general and increasingly well understood.<BR>Even as our scientific
understanding of stream ecosystems rapidly advances, the pressures arising from
diverse human activities continue to threaten the health of rivers worldwide.
This book presents vital new findings concerning human impacts, and the advances
in pollution control, flow management, restoration, and conservation planning
that point to practical solutions. <BR
style="mso-special-character: line-break"><BR
style="mso-special-character: line-break"></P><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns =
"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=3>Written
for:<BR></FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman">Advanced undergraduates, graduates with interests in
stream and river ecology, limnology, general aquatic ecology, and watershed
management; university instructors requiring a succinct yet comprehensive text
to guide course development in stream and river ecology, limnology, general
aquatic ecology, and watershed management; aquatic scientists including
specialists in river and stream ecology, other fields of aquatic science
including limnology; managers of aquatic ecosystems and watersheds, land
managers concerned with aquatic impacts; government and non-government
organizations responsible for water quality and those advocating for protection
and restoration of aquatic ecosystems<BR
style="mso-special-character: line-break"><BR
style="mso-special-character: line-break"><o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman">Keywords:<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman">*Rivers<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman">*Streams<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman">*adopted-textbook NY<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman">*fluvial ecosystems<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman">*freshwater<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman">*running waters</FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT
face="Times New Roman"></FONT></FONT></SPAN> </P><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US"><FONT size=3><FONT face="Times New Roman">
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><U><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">TABLE OF CONTENTS<o:p></o:p></SPAN></U></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">1 An Introduction to Fluvial
Ecosystems<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">An overview of the diversity of rivers and
streams, including some of the causes of this diversity, and some of the
consequences. The intent is to provide a roadmap for the individual chapters
that follow, rather than define terms and explain principles in any detail.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">2 Streamflow<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Fluvial ecosystems exhibit tremendous
variability in the quantity, timing and temporal patterns of river flow, and
this profoundly influences their physical, chemical and biological condition.
This chapter covers the essentials of hydrology, from the global water cycle to
the myriad ways that humans alter water flowpaths and river
flow.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">3 Fluvial
Geomorphology<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Fluvial geomorphology emphasizes the dynamic
interplay between rivers and landscapes in the shaping of river channels and
drainage networks. It includes study of the linkages among channel, floodplain,
network and catchment and helps make sense of the enormous variety exhibited
among fluvial systems, and thus the habitat and environmental conditions
experienced by the biota. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">4 Streamwater
Chemistry<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The constituents of river water include
suspended inorganic matter, dissolved major ions, dissolved nutrients, suspended
and dissolved organic matter, gases, and trace metals. River chemistry changes
temporally under the multiple influences of seasonal changes in discharge
regime, precipitation inputs, and biological activity; and usually is greatly
altered owing to direct and indirect human influences. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">5 The Abiotic
Environment<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The abiotic environment includes all physical
and chemical variables that influence the distribution and abundance of
organisms. Current, substrate and temperature often are the most important
variables in fluvial environments, and all organisms show adaptations that limit
them to a subset of conditions. Species differ in the specific conditions under
which they thrive, and whether those conditions are narrow or comparatively
broad. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">6 Primary Producers<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Primary producers acquire their energy from
sunlight and their materials from nonliving sources. The major autotrophs of
running waters include the benthic algae and macrophytes; in larger rivers,
phytoplankton also can be important. Benthic algae occur in intimate association
with heterotrophic microbes within an extracellular matrix, referred to as
biofilm. Benthic algae are important in fluvial food webs, especially in
headwater and midsized streams, and also influence the benthic habitat and
nutrient cycling. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">7 <B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Detrital Energy Sources
<o:p></o:p></B></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Particulate and dissolved organic matter
originating both within the stream and in the surrounding landscape is an
important basal resource to fluvial food webs. Detritus-based energy pathways
can be particularly important, relative to pathways originating from living
primary producers, in small streams shaded by a terrestrial canopy and in large,
turbid rivers with extensive floodplains. Recent advances in microbial ecology
have greatly expanded our understanding of the synergies between autotrophs and
heterotrophs.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">8 Trophic
Relationships<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The network of consumers and resources that
constitute fluvial food webs is supported by a diverse mix of energy supplies
that originate within the stream and beyond its banks. These include the living
resources of algae and macrophytes, and the non-living resources of particulate
and dissolved organic matter. Microorganisms are important mediators of organic
matter availability and there is increasing evidence of their importance as a
resource to both small and large consumers. Additionally, energy subsidies in
the form of falling terrestrial arthropods and the eggs and carcasses of
migrating fish contribute to the support of many stream-dwellers.
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">9 Species
interactions<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">The basal resources of algae and detritus and
associated microorganisms sustain higher consumers including herbivores,
predators and parasites. Resources can limit the abundance of consumers, known
as bottom-up control, and consumers can be responsible for top-down controls
over the abundance of lower trophic levels. The interactions of grazers with
algae, predators with their animal prey, and among competing species constitute
the primary linkages that collectively bind species together into food
webs.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">10 Lotic Communities<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Community structure reflects the forces that
determine which and how many species occur together, which species are common
and which are rare, and the interactions amongst them. The idea that communities
exhibit structure requires that assemblages be more than haphazard collections
of those species able to disperse to and survive in an area. It leads us to
expect that the same species, in roughly the same abundances, will be found in
the same locale as long as environmental conditions do not change greatly, and
that similar communities should occur wherever environmental circumstances are
comparable.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">11 Nutrient Dynamics<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Nutrient cycling involves the transformation of
inorganic compounds into organic forms due to biological uptake, and then back
to an inorganic state. In rivers this transformation is affected by the
transport of water resulting in the longitudinal displacement of the nutrient
cycle, which is explained by the nutrient spiraling concept. Nitrogen and
phosphorus spiraling studies in aquatic ecosystem provide information about
nutrient limitation and retention by the stream ecosystem. Models of nutrient
export help us understand nutrient sources and sinks as well as the influence of
land use and human activities on nutrient dynamics.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">12 Stream Metabolism<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Stream metabolism refers to the balance between
the organic matter that is produced and the organic matter that is consumed
within the ecosystem. Inputs are from primary production and detritus, generated
within the stream and imported from upstream and beyond the banks. Carbon inputs
are respired or exported downstream, and the relative magnitude of these two
processes is a measure of ecosystem efficiency. Information about inputs,
storage, and outputs are used to construct mass balances that are used to
compare organic matter dynamics among rivers.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">13 Models and Concepts in Stream
Ecology<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">In recent years several models and concepts
have been formulated to explain the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The River
Continuum concept provides a framework to explain energy inputs and consumption
from headwaters to river mouth. Nutrient and carbon spiraling models substitute
distance for time as a useful measure of process rates, allowing comparisons
across stream sizes and types. The dynamics of large rivers was neglected until
the development of the flood pulse concept to explain the ecological functioning
of river-floodplain interactions. The Riverine Productivity model proposes that
autochthonous primary production fuels animal secondary production in large
rivers despite the apparent dominance of ecosystem respiration by allochthonous
inputs. Conceptualization of river systems within landscapes that influence
river processes through a hierarchy of geophysical controls provides an improved
understanding of river processes and human impacts. Collectively these models
organize and synthesize much of stream ecology, and link back to important
themes laid out in "roadmap" chapter 1.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">14 River Health in the 21st
Century<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US">Rivers are threatened by habitat degradation,
pollution, invasive species, over-harvest and climate change. Such threats are
inevitable because fresh water is a non-substitutable resource and humans now
appropriate over half of the available supply. Fortunately we now have a more
sophisticated understanding of the status of rivers and better tools for their
management. The applied sciences of environmental flows, river restoration and
ecosystem-based catchment management provide hope that rivers can be improved
through well-focused human actions.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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